Positive And Negative Decisions In Arthur Millers The...

In the book, The Crucible, Arthur Miller writes about the Salem witch trials in the town of Salem in 1692. The plot of this story revolves around a group of girls who obtain all of the power, and are the main accusers of those who have committed witchcraft. This story shows how important choices are, because the people who were tried in court had the decision of making a false confession or to be hanged. These are vital choices, and how one responded is very important. Miller suggests that positive or negative decisions will influence one’s character, to the extent that they will establish positive or negative attributes. Miller Suggests that those who make negative decisions, develop negative characteristics. Abigail Williams, Thomas†¦show more content†¦You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor!† (18). This, again, shows how Miller suggests the negative decisions one makes, builds them into negative people. Additionally, Thomas Putnam and Reverend Parris are defined by the unfavorable choices they makes because they grow into negative attributes. Putnam is greedy for land and believes his fathers land was taken from him unwillingly. Because of his greedy decisions over land, Putnam is known in the town of Salem as a selfish and greedy person. He creates arguments over land and believes he should acquire all land because of his wealth in the town. Putnam says to Proctor, â€Å"You load one oak of mine and you’ll fight to drag it home† (30). He fights with Proctor about wood, just proving how badly he wants land. Also, during the trials, Giles Corey states, â€Å"Thomas Put nam is reaching out for land!† (78). Hence, showing how Putnam is a greedy person as a result of his negative choices. Reverend Parris is known for his greediness as well in the town, for all he cares about are objects. Proctor, a well respected man in the town, claims, â€Å"But Parris came, and for twenty week he preach nothing’ but golden candlesticks until he had them...I tell you true, when I look to heaven and see my money glaring at his elbows-- it hurt my prayer...† (62). From this we learn how Parris’s negative actions and choices are what compose him of greed. For these reasons, it is shown howShow MoreRelatedLies and Deceit1501 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Kirk Mrs. Addington AP Lang 1 12 October 2010 The Many Lies in Salem Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a tragic play set in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, where Miller uses the Salem Trials as a metaphor for the 1950s McCarthy hearings. In Salem, people value their good names. The Puritan community acts as a theocracy in which there appears to be no right to privacy, and people must conform to a strict moral code. The theme of reputation, lying, and deceit are shown in Abigail, John Proctor,Read MoreThe Paradoxical Nature of Belonging Depicted in Arthur Millers The Crucible1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, we are positioned to see belonging as paradoxical, in that the positive, human quality of belonging inevitably carries with it the negative and dangerous corollary of exclusion. By belonging, we are automatically excluding others and excluding ourselves from other groups. The Crucible achieves this complex presentation of belonging through a variety of interconnected techniques which will be explored in this ess ay. These techniques may be categorized into four mainRead MoreThe Cold War And The Cuban Missile Crisis2976 Words   |  12 PagesActivities Committee each year. In 1956, the House Un-American Activities Committee convicted one man (of many) for being ‘communist’. That man’s name was Arthur Miller: acclaimed playwright and author. It would be an understatement to say that Miller did not take the false accusation lightly in any manner whatsoever. The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, is a riveting four-act play describing a witchcraft hysteria spreading throughout the small town of Salem, Massachusetts and the specific role eachRead MoreFilm Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace1505 Words   |  7 PagesSalem, Massachusetts, this means that if one focuses on witches and witchcraft, their reality will then become witches and witchcraft. This is exactly what happened during the Salem Witch Trials during the late 1690’s, as immortalized in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. The small Puritan colony became so engrossed with fear of the Christian Devilâ„ ¢ that they began to suspect their own neighbors, and a select few individuals began using that fear for their own personal benefit, accusing their neighborsRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1899 Words   |  8 Pagesthe McCarthy trials during the Red Scare. Arthur Miller delved deeply into this topic in his famous play, The Crucible, in which he compared the Salem Witch Trials to the McCarthy trials as a comment on the self-preserving, rash, and gullible nature of human beings, in order to open the audience’s eyes to the error of their ways. He wanted them to see the negative consequences of the Red Scare so they would put an end to it. Before understanding Miller’s conviction towards the nature of human beingsRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1900 Words   |  8 Pagesthe McCarthy trials during the Red Scare. Arthur Miller delved deeply into this topic in his famous play, The Crucible, in which he compared the Salem Witch Trials to the McCarthy trials as a comment on the self-preserving, rash, and gullible nature of human beings in order to open the audience’s eyes to the error of their ways. He wanted them to see the negative consequences of the Red Scare so they would put an end to it. Before understanding Miller’s conviction towards the nature of human beingsRead MorePrinciples Of Life : The Crucible And The Life You Save May Be Your Own1951 Words   |  8 Pageswithout fear. Such quality is demonstrated throughout the entirety of Arthur Miller s, The Crucible, as Miller emphasizes that even the most kind-hearted people, could commit ruinous acts when involved with false accusations/hysteria. A complete contradiction is present in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† due to the lack of integrity and fear protagonist, Tom Shiftlet possesses. Throughout The Crucible and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own†, motifs of integrity, fear andRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageseffects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chief execut ive officers (CEOs) and management leaders in all markets and industries with new intricacies in deciding how to weigh and time the business decisions—and the quality of those decisions—that increasingly challenge their companies’ basic survival. W HICH FACTORS HAVE DRIVEN 3 4 Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The

The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Self-Esteem on Task...

There have been many studies on stereotype threat and self-esteem and their negative effects on task performance. These studies have focused primarily on minorities such as women, blacks, Latinos and Asians and have found that stereotype threat and self-esteem have influenced negatively in task performance. Steele (1997) investigated how self-esteem and stereotype threat affects task performance and has found that most of task failures have to do with the individual social environment. For instance, a study was conducted in which black students completed a difficult task with either a black or white experimenter. The task was described as intelligent test (Steele Aronson, 1995). When the experimenter was white, the student performed more†¦show more content†¦Self esteem can bring positive or negative outcomes when it comes to task performance. Thus, people with greater levels of self-esteem and no stereotype presence build on personal strengths to succeed, whereas people wi th lower levels of self-esteem and stereotype presence attempt to deal with their flaws to be accepted (Baumeister Tice, 1985; Brown Dutton, 1995). Therefore, we wish to determine whether stereotype threat effects could be reduced or eliminated by activating self-esteem. We hypothesized that by directly addressing the need to maintain a sense of self-worth through affirming a valued characteristic that is not under threat, we would reduce or eliminated the impact of the stereotype threat, allowing people to feel more confident to deal with the situation and perform better. Stereotype Threat In general terms, stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s group (Steele, 1997). â€Å"The existence of such a stereotype means that anything that one does or any of one’s features that conform to it make the stereotype more reasonable as a self- characterization in the eyes of others, and perhaps even in one’s own eyes† (Steele, 1992). People are stereotyped according to their group. A group can be identified by race, gender, ethnicity, age, religion among others. StereotypesShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Self-Esteem and Stereotype on Task Performance4039 Words   |  17 Pagesstudies done on task performance that have indicated that many factors can affect task performance. In this study, we are going to focus on how self-esteem and stereotype threat affect task performance. This topic is very important to study because it will help us understand about how our performan ce is affected by self-esteem and stereotype threat. At some point in our lives our performance is been measured, in daily activities as job, school and in sport. When one measures task performance, people shouldRead More Objectification Theory Essays1736 Words   |  7 Pagesextremely hard, if not impossible, to emulate. Comparing themselves to these women can lead to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and an overall low self-esteem. (Expand on, need a good opening paragraph to grab the reader’s attention) Objectification Theory Objectification theory has been proposed as a standard for understanding the effects of living in a culture that sexually objectifies women (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997). Objectification occurs when a person’s body is treated like a separateRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African American Students Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes can be defined as schemas applied to a group of people sharing common physical, biological or racial characteristics. Focusing on education, African American students had consistently been negatively stereotyped about their intellectual abilities. Research indicates that racial stereotypes negatively affect African American students’ academic performance. This correlation, though, is clearest among salient African American students, implying that psychological factors may result fromRead MoreThe Psychological Differences between Men and Women in Sports1565 Words   |  7 Pagespsychologically different in many ways. Some of t hese differences include competitiveness, goal orientation, self-confidence, motivation, mental toughness, incentives, preferences, etc. According to Anne Bowker in Sports Participation and Self-Esteem, Men have an advantage over women in sports because theyre more aggressive and have higher self-esteem (2003). There has always been that stereotype of boys being more athletic than girls. The gender segregation of sports reflects more than just physicalRead MoreStereotype Threat And Its Effect On A Persons Well Being2952 Words   |  12 Pages Stereotype Threat and its effect on a persons well being Jessica Guzman Chaffey Community College Professor Barbari Psych 80 The idea of not performing adequately on a task is something that many people can relate too. This uncomfortable feeling can be experienced throughout many different situations. Previous research suggests that stereotypes on how people are perceived to act or perform can hinder their thought processes and impact their overall performance. This is referredRead MoreA Research Study About The Stereotype Threat Effect On African- American College Students833 Words   |  4 PagesFurthermore, sports can serve as a tool to build and boost confidence. In a research study about the stereotype threat effect on African- American college students it showed that students either respond to the stereotype threat with a performance reduction or with disidentification and concentration on activities in which they are already successful (Aronson, Fried, Good, 2000). Based on the findings of DeMeulenaere’s study on four individuals over a timespan of two years, students tend to be moreRead M oreRacism, Racism And White Supremacy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesof safety. While it may be grueling and exhausting, change is essential when a problem needs to be battled head-on. As a society, we need to change the way racial inequalities have been set up and the way we go about our lives. Racism has a large effect on minorities nationwide daily, and it can often go unnoticed or be incorrectly identified. But what truly is racism in America, today? Racism is still an extremely prevalent subject in today’s society, based on specific phenomena that affects blackRead MoreThe Effects of Athletics on Student Performance Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesapproximately 55% of students participate in extracurricular sports activities. (Koebler, Jason. High School Sports Participation Increases for 22nd Straight Year. US News. U.S.News World Report, 02 Sept. 2011. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.) Academic performance, popularity, and physical fitness are all directly affected by involvement in ath letics. Overall, and contrary to popular belief, those students who participate in athletic activities often have higher physical, mental and emotional abilities thanRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Cheat Sheet3987 Words   |  16 Pageschain of command,detailed rules,high spec.,central power,selection\promotion based on competence.Hawthorne-how psychological affect productivity.HumanRelationsMovement(critique)-stric spec is incompatible with human needs,fail of creativity,min. performance(impesron.rules),lose sight of overall goal.Contingency Approach-no best way to manage,depends on situation.MANAGERIAL ROLES:interpersonal(expected behaviours that have to do with establ/maintaining interpersonal relations:figurehead,leadership,liaison(horizRead MoreSocial Psychology: Bringing It All Together Essay3853 Words   |  16 Pagestopics. Social psychologists study a variety of topics, including views of the self, persuasion, attraction, and group processes. Researchers study all aspects of social psychology and in some cases enlist the help of a â€Å"confederate†, someone who appears to be a naà ¯ve part of the experiment. The confederate ensures that the experiment is going as planned. A part of social psychology is developing a sense of self. As human beings, we like organization and patterns. We naturally categorize

Why We Crave Horror Movies Free Essays

Why do we crave horror movies? Stephen king was asked this same question in an interview that was published in a Playboy magazine in 1981. King replied â€Å"we are all mentally ill† (1) and â€Å"to show we can†(3). King expressed his views on both sides stating that we all are guilty of acting mentally ill, and that we all simply enjoy watching horrifying movies. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Crave Horror Movies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of these statements are true, but not necessarily accurate. King did not take in consideration human error or opinion, which creates flaws within his statements. I can agree and disagree with King on both accounts, but the pure and simple enjoyment is why we crave horror films. Are we all insane? This is where I have a disagreement. Yes, almost everyone does something strange while they think no one is watching, as King stated, or abnormal phobias that are deemed weird to others. I do not believe either of these should have the power to label us as demented. Another flaw in his insane theory is the two degrees of insanity that he mentions are the extremes of both. Being compared to Jack the Ripper or the Cleveland Torso Murderer is like saying that we have a murderous nature. King also states that talking to oneself under stress is a form of hysteria. I have yet to meet a person that does not talk to himself under stress. Talking aloud simply helps organize a cluttered brain, and the majority of people are guilty of it at one point or another. He also claims that nose picking is a sign of madness. Although it is not socially acceptable, I have a very hard time deeming the action as insane. Absurdity allows a place for us to place blame. If we cannot agree with the actions or thoughts of another person, then we make the accusation that he has a complex. Craziness is measured in degrees, but the strength of the degree is in the hands of the accuser. Delirium is a plea we all will take if our thoughts become corrupted due to alarming films. There again is a place for us to lay the blame. Insanity, I believe, is too vague because opinion is too influential. On the other hand, I can sympathize with the author when he states that we watch such conflicting motion pictures to prove that we are not afraid, either to ourselves, or to another. The logic behind this theory is to prove how macho we are. We go see the scary feature of the month with either an old friend or someone we wish to impress to show that we can watch the whole film without closing our eyes. We watch atrocious movies to feed our fear. We know while watching the production that it is fiction, but we still can’t help but jump at the slightest loud noise. We crave the reaction and adrenaline rush that such productions give to us. King says that we watch to â€Å"re-establish our feelings of essential normality†(4), I can agree with this statement. Our minds are allowed to wonder to places that would originally be considered criminal or unethical. We are more likely to feel pathos toward a maimed or tortured person in a terror picture if they have been playing the antagonist, than if we witnessed the same actions against the protagonist of the film. As King also stated, we are willing to pay money to go sit in a theater to entice our nightmares. As humans we like to rationalize our actions. For us to go watch a horror flick, we have to be able to finish the entirety of it, so we can rest with ease knowing that it came to an end. Stephen King’s view on both derangement and self accomplishment can be argued or sympathized. The insanity approach can be agreeable by the fact that people are crazy in their own way, it does not have to be stereotypical of how they are deemed fatuous, it is just so. The same statement can be argued for the fact that some people believe that only certain actions can deem you as insane, and those actions are not socially acceptable. The self accomplishment approach is agreeable because most everyone is proud to admit that they sat through a horror film, or they did not jump at the scariest scene. Whatever the reason may be, people like to brag when it comes to overcoming a fear. This approach can be argued that people who watch horror films watch only to feed their demented imagination and self accomplishment plays no part. There are numerous reasons as to why we watch horror movies, or even what makes us crave them. Scary movies are attention grabbers. They are designed and advertised for the gruesome effects and the story line. The more the outline presses the morals and ethics of normalcy, the more we are intrigued by it. There is a certain balance that must be maintained throughout a horror movie. If a production is scripted with nothing but blood and guts and no development, the audience will be too disgusted and not challenged enough intellectually, to want to continue. The same goes for the story line, if the plot is great but the effects throughout the scenes don’t match, the audience will give a bad review. For a horror movie to really last with the crowd, the scenes, plot, and amount of goriness must all be at an even level to balance the other out. King states that we are far from true ugliness in such enticing films, and he is right. Specific films have to be creatively scripted, and artfully set. The film may not be as beautiful as a ballet or broad way show, but it they are nowhere near the massacre of what they could be. To reiterate, are we all mentally ill? I think not. But dare to argue your own perspective. Like I said previously, degrees of mental illness are influenced by opinion, and opinion is what runs society. Horror films are common nightmares that allow us to relate with another no matter what physical or mental differences we may have. To feel self accomplishment from watching a nightmare in almost realistic form is a natural stimulant that can improve the image we have of ourselves. The thought of knowing that we have overcome such a small step as to watching a horror movie gives us the strength to want to try to overcome other fears we may have. In essence, watching a terrifying feature does not categorize you as mentally ill, nor does it assume you simply enjoy the film. Both of these are forms of opinion from which are accurate to the beholder. So, whether you are mentally sick, or proving you can watch your nightmare, remember your own perspective of the situation and chose your own category. How to cite Why We Crave Horror Movies, Essay examples

Influence of Power and Politics on ICJ †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Power and Politics on ICJ. Answer: Influence of power and politics on ICJ. In world affairs, International Criminal Justice has turned out to be a gradually significant aspect. The International Criminal tribunals have conducted trials of heads of state of eight countries during the past two decades. This field of international law deals with trials of organizers of abuse of human rights and crucial crimes of war. The purpose of ICJ is to decide disputes which can be submitted to a court and then the justice principles that are expressed in rules of law can be used to determine those disputes. The International Criminal Justice however faced challenges. The connection between politics and law has led to many judicial process of selection being politicized and also the political actors intrude in the legal process (Bosco 2013). There has been criticism on strong states impacting the international judicial institutions by either opting out of their jurisdiction if the rule does not favor them or by openly shaping the courts configuration by themselves. This act renders the rule irrelevant or warped. Also, the argument that tribunals and international courts are self-perpetuating rigid institutions pursuing to apply a solution that is legal and pursue expansion of their influence and power, to an extent of foregoing the achievement of their underlying goals is also a criticism. A global legal network that does not contain accountability, government structure and enforcement cannot evade various problems. In addition, courts are not used responsibly or competently by the states but rather the impending work of the court is interfered with for political reasons (Crawford 2007). It is acknowledged, in international courts and tribunals there is a relationship between law and politics. However, this causes one party to be misguided. Courts should be strong to make judgments without any influence. References Bosco, D. (2013).Rough justice: The International Criminal Court in a world of power politics. Oxford University Press. Crawford, J., Grant, T. (2007). International Court of Justice. InThe Oxford Handbook on the United Nations.

Witnessing events in History an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Witnessing events in History I would want to witness historical events particularly World War I and II because I believe that the current state of the world we live in today is a result of many historical events. The way things are now is attributable to the fact that things have changed and past events greatly contributed to that. Historical events often crowd our textbooks, magazines, television programs and even the World Wide Web. This is strongly an indication that the value of past events has not wavered. Continued references to history all the more emphasize the role it plays in the present times. Need essay sample on "Witnessing events in History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment online? Specialists propose: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic Essay University Essay Writing Service Get Paid To Write Essays For Students Best Essay Writing Service University Essay Writing Service If I were to witness an historical event, it would be World War I and World War II because it depicts the true human conditions in the past. This is evident in the way Political figures, heads of states and even ordinary people talk about historical events as if they were there and witnessed it themselves. The passion to which these people express the importance of something they have not experienced first hand is very amusing. For some who were fortunate enough to have survived historys greatest challenges to mankind, and lived to tell the tale for all to hear, it is a privilege to impart such experience and wisdom. This all the more strengthens the conviction that, more than being a necessity, it is a duty to preserve historys greatest collection of unprecedented heroic acts and human suffering that has been surpassed by many brave souls. Looking back, it makes great sense to appreciate every bit of detail the mind can store regarding historical events. Witnessing such events would be more than a privilege. It can be likened to a badge of honor. Knowing that to be part of something remarkable is truly overwhelming. World War I began on August 1914. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, chaos erupted, the spark that catapulted the first of the centurys two great wars. Bound by the chains of interlocking alliances and driven by a military that focused on battleships, governments around the world sent troops for battle. At first, America was an isolationist. But being drawn into war by the German submarine, causing 128 American lives, congress declared war in April 1917. By the spring of 1918, a million U.S. troops were engaged in battle. Their presence was strongly felt and the impact of that strong presence helped bring the exhausted German Side to the Peace table. I would want to witness this event because knowing that the United States of America somehow played a relevant role in initiating the peace talks, make it all the more worthwhile to be able to witness such event. Linking it to the present times, the active presence of the United States in promoting democracy and protecting the idea of human rights and equal opportunity for all makes more sense when co-related to past historical events. To witness this event adds up to the fact that the United States role in the International Community as a big brother to other nations is historically precedent. December 7, 1941 was a very tragic day for the United States. It was the day when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor causing tremendous grief to American people. The Japanese having the element of surprise and using it to their advantage, declared war on the unsuspecting U.S Pacific fleet, much like what they did on the Russo-Japanese war of 1904. It was a day which, according to President Roosevelt a date that will live in infamy, and thus, the U.S declared war with Japan. The reason why witnessing World War I and World War II is relevant, is because of the fact that it is the reason why we adhere to democracy right now. Having experienced the harsh effects of war has made people from all countries to regard life with more value. If I witness how devastating it can be, I will surely understand what made our forefathers to think that war will do no one any good. That is why it led to the creation of the United Nations and followed by establishment of various treaties among countries to ensure that peace restored will never be shattered by mans hatred. History has thought mankind to value each waking moment and to learn how to respect other countries sovereignty. Imposing on any country will do no good. Another reason why I want to witness the two world wars is desirable is because of the fact it has contributed to our very existence today. The wars have affirmed that mankind can withstand tests of time if so desired. Living and co-existing with one another is much more acceptable rather than have particular country gain dominance. The equality exercised by countries today is proof that the aftermath of world war is too devastating to entertain the possibility of it ever occurring again. As much as possible, policies among international communities seeks to safeguard one another from engaging in armed attacks that would absolutely force other members of the family of nations to take sides. There is no more need for that now, since putting premium on democratic means is recognized. Witnessing how the Americans played a vital role in history is reason enough to want to witness it first hand. Aside from the fact that it creates nostalgic effect of heroism, chivalry and courage, history always presented itself as something from the past that definitely created links to the present and future. References: Singer, David and Small, Melvin (1972). The Wages of War, 1816-1965, New York: Wiley, 1972, p. 48. Deutsch, Karl (1977). The Analysis of International Relations, 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Forrester, Jay (1971). World Dynamics, Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen.

The role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism Essay Example

The role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism Essay Example The role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism Paper The role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism Paper Gandhi is a renowned world figure famous for his works in Indian nationalism. It was his aim to free the Indian Nation from the grips of the British imperial rule. Unlike, other famous nationalist freedom fighter of our time Gandhi was particularly known for his religious and non-violent approaches to nationalism. Being a lawyer by career he spent his early years working in the field of law but after working for rights campaigns he built up a strong sense of morals and objectives, this linked with his strict religious ideals turned him into a public figure and stirred him towards politics in later life. So much of a public man he became in was imprisoned by the British rulers three times during his life for various reasons relating to his nationalist movement. Gandhi was a man respected by all parties involved in India for his works and indeed the way he went about them. His ultimate goal was indeed achieved in 1947 with the bill of Indian Independence being past. It was not exactly how he envisaged it with the partition of India and the birth of Pakistan also emerging which were issues Gandhi worked to prevent. Mohandas K. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Western Indian in the state of Gujarat. He was born into a Hindu family and went on to have an arranged marriage at the age of thirteen to his wife Kasturbai Makanji. Gandhi was sent to London in 1888 an exile to study Law as the wish of his father. In 1891 he passed his BAR exam and returned to India to pursue a career in Law, however he ended up in South Africa working for African Indians in their fight against equality. He only intended in going to South Africa for one year but ended up staying for twenty. It was these years that shaped his life, religious ideologies, and political thinking. Whilst in South Africa through his works he started to become a house hold name both with South African Indians and British officials, still no more than a successful lawyer, he set up his own news paper in which he could publish his ideas and build up support. It was also during these South African years that he developed his devotement to religion. It was this religion that primarily gave him guidance in his life. He was a staunch vegetarian and would not touch meat even when advised by doctors on medical grounds. His diet consisted of just fruit, nuts, bread and vegetables. He also believed that he could only eat 5 things a day and fasting was important to help bear the pain of the Indian suffering. He was fanatical about cleanliness and in particular sanitation. These beliefs proved to be the bases of his every day life; he led a simple life with no luxuries even when available to him. He read, wrote and prayed every day along with exercise. Later on in his life he developed the need for spinning as a religious act which also featured in his daily routine. Any other matters he performed during his day had to be fitted in around his chores. Although a large majority and indeed most influential years of Gandhis life were spent in South Africa building his ideologies and support it was not until he left Africa and returned to India in 1915 that his fight for Indian nationalism really began. Under the supervision of his mentor Gokhale, Gandhi returned to India a relatively unknown character. Gandhi was advised by Gokhale to, for the time being, keep his ideas to him self and to take time out to travel around India and observe from the outside the political scene. He did this for three years in which although remaining absent from politics still watched attentively the events of the Congress and only became involved after the 1919 Rowlatt bills were rushed through which restricted the civil liberties of the Indian population. These bills came as a shock to most Indians including Gandhi. The Indian National Congress had been working towards giving more liberties to Indians not restricting them. Gandhi used Satyagraha to secure withdrawal from the Rowlatt legislation. He travelled the country trying to implement his pledge to the masses. These tactics of non-co-operation tends to lead to a high degree of respect between adversaries, which ultimately serve as the basis for a settlement of their disputes. Gandhi influenced the people to close their businesses and to fast and pray in protest against the hated legislation. Satyagraha can only succeed if ones rival, no matter how harsh, unjust or imperialist, is also somewhat honourable and is reluctant to use or endorse force or violence'(Brown, J. M. Gandhi prisoner of hope). Gandhi believed this to be true of the British and on the whole was successful with them, as they did not commit massacres. Having said that, the actions following the Rowlatt bills were marred by rioting in Amritsar and two local leaders were arrested. An angry mob that had gathered and demanded for their release rampaged in the streets killing 5 Europeans. Under the orders of General Dyer, troops opened fire into the crowd. Nearly 400 were killed and 1,200 injured. The British set up the Hunter Committee to look into the events of the Amritsar Massacre, but the Indian National Congress boycotted it and set up their own committee which included Gandhi. His non-violent non-co-operation pact had not gone to plan; he publicly condemned both the mob and the British officials for the incident. Gandhi hoped that the government would make amends the wrong caused by a few erratic officers but in fact they were not dealt with at all. Reluctantly Gandhi now concluded that this government was not one that could be worked with and rather than finding a way to work with it, it was now time to end it. Gandhis views on the British Empire may not have changed so rapidly were it not for another part of Indian politics, namely the Khilafat movement. This was the Muslim Indians annoyed about the peace terms Turkey would get from the victorious Allies. Gandhi was fearful that this anger would turn into violent actions against the British, so he agreed that by his terms to lead the Muslim community. Gandhi again implemented non-violent non-co-operation having now support of the Muslims. He called for boycotts of elections, schools and courts. He asked all Indian government officials to resign from their positions which a number few arrested and imprisoned for. This was linked by Muslim no-tax initiatives. In 1922 however Gandhi called for an abrupt end to the non cooperation pact to the surprise of most due to the out break of violence where 22 police officers where killed. Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned for his part for two years. By the time he was released Hindu-Muslim relations had broken down with the new Muslim league formed to rival that of the Indian National Congress. The government of India Act 1919 was essentially the main piece of legislation that changed India. Under section 84 of the said Act, a statutory Commission was to be appointed at the end of ten years to determine the next stage in the realisation of self-rule in India. As a result, the Simon Commission was sent to the sub-continent under the command of Sir John Simon. All members of this commission were British. This was regarded as highly insulting to the Indians and immediate protest was raised from all the important political parties. When the Simon Commission arrived they were greeted by masses of people armed with slogans and chants. All major political parties of India, except for the Shafi League of Punjab, boycotted the Simon Commission. After the failure of the Simon Commission, there was no alternative for the British government but to ask the local people to form a commission themselves. They knew that the two main parties the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League had large differences in opinions. Nonetheless the Secretary of State for India asked them to draw a draft of the Act on which both Hindus and Muslims could agree. The Indian leaders accepted the challenge and for this purpose, the All Parties Conference was held at Delhi in January 1928. More than 100 officials of almost all the parties of the sub-continent gathered and participated in the conference. Unfortunately, the leaders could not agree on much and no conclusion was reached. The second meeting of the All Parties Conference was held two months later in March, but again nothing had changed and no conclusion was reached. The only positive work that came from the conferences was the appointment of two sub-committees, but again due to the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims nothing came from these organisations and no results were achieved. When the All Parties Conference met for a third time in Bombay on May 19 1928, there was hardly any prospect of an agreement following the recent failures. It was then agreed that a small committee should be appointed to work out the details of the constitution. Motilal Nehru headed this committee. This committee consisted of 10 members two of which were Muslim. The committee worked for three months at Allahabad and as a result produced the Nehru Report. This Nehru Report recommended that a declaration of Rights should be inserted in the constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion. The Nehru report was rejected due to mainly Muslim opposition, however it did act in semi-unifying the divided Muslim groups against the report, which they considered a Hindu document. Furthermore the Muslims felt that simply rejecting the report was not sufficient so they issued their own set of demands. It was at this stage in Indian History that several Muslim leaders and thinkers first spoke out about the separation of Muslim India. Allama Muhammad Iqbal addresses the All India Muslim League as president at Allahbad in 1930. He proposed that due to the Hindu biased Nehru report and the British neglecting their views through the Simon Commission, the Muslim Indians would be better set by breaking away from Hindu India and chalking out their own territory in the North-West. He defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognised as a nation. In rejection of the Simon Report Gandhi launched his campaign of civil disobedience. This included all of his previously seen tactics such as tax evasion, the boycotting of school and colleges, and the exclusion of local businesses. This time however saw something different from the 1922 non-co-operation pact which was Gandhis objection to the salt tax which he felt was to high so much so that it was too much of a burden on the poor peasants. So in their defensive he embarked on the Salt March. This consisted of him walking with followers from his Ashram all the way to the sea covering a huge 241 miles. The trip lasted 24 days with the party stopping during the night and during the heat of the day only. When they arrived at the sea they collected the water and boiled it to purify the salt content. Upon doing this the British government began arresting those who had violated the law. People were killed and beaten and over 60,000 were imprisoned including Gandhi. The imprisonment of Gandhi was seen not to achieve anything in the wider picture so his release was agreed in 1931. On his release he returned to India new tensions over independence were arising and support for Gandhi experienced a drop, with the Congress seeing him as a failed politician and its view of civil disobedience nothing more than an ambitious but fruitless cause. Gandhi as a result cancelled his failing campaign and withdrew from his leadership of the Congress which was taken up by Nehru. Under Nehru the nationalist cause picked up, but many efforts were fought out between Jinnah the leader of the Muslim League rather than against the British. The mid 1930s saw a huge grow in hostilities between the Muslims and Hindu groups including what is now called the Congress-League war. Partition came to the fore front of Indian Nationalism and the idea of Independence was for the time being left behind. Gandhi made his views about this matter clear; he had no interest in the partition of India and could only see independence as a whole nation. However during this period opinions grew and it seemed unlikely a solution could come other than the emergence of a new Muslim state. In 1939 the talks of independence came back to front Indian politics. The outbreak of war and now taken the British attention away from India. When the viceroy proclaimed Indias involvement in the war outrage was sparked across the country. No British official had consented to Indian support in the conflict, however the Congress saw this as a chance to reach their goal and replied that support would only come after independence. The British rulers talked vaguely about discussions occurring at the end of the war but did not commit to anything at that time. With the congress failing to get a result Gandhi once again returned to lead the Congress and again returned to his policy of non-co-operation but on an individual level. Gandhi made a series of demands to the British threatening wide spread civil disobedience. He started the quit India movement and demanded that the British move leave India, but due to their focus on the World War the British had little time for politics and simply declared congress illegal and once again for the third time in his life Gandhi was arrested and shipped off to prison. His arrest lead to an abundance of support and violent outbursts were experienced all over India. Thousands of people were arrested and killed all over India. The British found it hard to concentrate on the problems in India with such serious issues of their own security happening in Europe. After Gandhis release from prison in 1944 negotiations once again resumed immediately, the governor general proposed the formation of a national government, but these talks broke down due to the congress failure to recognise the Muslim League. Rioting between the groups broke out once again and certain areas were on the brink of civil war. In 1946 Nehru took charge of an interim government with Jinnah abroad only to promote the Muslim desire for a new Muslim state. Mountbatten the governor general announced that the Muslim states would be given elections to determine what they wanted in terms of an all India nation or one split a separate Muslim territory. He also announced that on the 15th August 1947 the British would leave India and it would become an Independent state. So, Gandhis role in this event? Well clearly he was apart of it, he was involved in a lot of key policies and indeed spent most of his life working toward achieving independence. However so had a lot of people, so was it really Gandhi that brought about change. Gandhi arrived on the national scene rather late, and in the first half of his political life he was considerably fond of the British Raj. He enjoyed his education in England and spent a long period of his life in South Africa working towards Indian equality, but he was hardly an anti-imperialist radical or revolutionary. Gandhi was critical of colonial rule but generally his outlook of the British was one of loyalty and this is highlighted through his work and support during World War 1. When he returned to India in 1915 he was a successful lawyer and hard only touched on politics but not in a professional manor. It was not until 1920 that Gandhi became famous for his work in Indian Nationalism, by which time he was 51 years old. This is hardly a good example of a fanatical Nationalist movement figure. Gandhi is consider to be the father of the Indian Nation (J. M. Brown Prisoner of hope) and has become a saintly world figure, but how much of his popularity has come from the aftermath of his death, indeed he was a popular man before but his political career was certainly flawed through out. Mainly problems he came across were not answered with solutions and his political policies all revolved around the same theme of non-co-operation and civil disobedience. Perhaps it was these campaigns that have sh ot him into the limelight as a great saintly figure, but even these in themselves were not much in the development of Indian Nationalism. In my opinion the British would have continued to hold onto India and the rest of its empire for as long as possible, however the outbreak of war brought with it too many problems. They could not afford to put any efforts into maintaining order in India during the war, all their efforts were geared towards the European conflict. It can be argued that Gandhi was responsible for this pressure during that time but I think it was inevitable that India would be returned after the war. Gandhi was a man of his time, he had lots of visions for India and was a deeply religious man. All about him was good and he worked for the good of his nation. However in the question of his role in Indian nationalism, he was not responsible for the emergence of the idea and one could not say it was him who eventually reached the goal. What he did do though was to make the idea and principles reach nation wide, his role in the nationalisation was to spread the word. Ironic considering his religious nature. It can be said he nurtured Indian Nationalism that in that way had a part to play but none the less I think he still retains a little too much credit.

High Performance Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fibres Essay

High Performance Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fibres - Essay Example In order to achieve performance-related properties specific to performance in HPC, attention should be directed to the combination of performance requirements (such as strength limits and permeability) and prescriptive requirements (such as air content limits or dosage of supplementary cementing material) (Ferraris and Lobo, 1998). Depending on the HPC mixtures examples of HPC include High-early-strength concrete, high-strength concrete, high-durability concrete, self-compacting concrete and reactive-powder concrete. High-Early-Strength Concrete (HESC) High-Early-Strength Concrete (also known as fast-track concrete), achieves its specified strength at an earlier age compared to normal concrete. This earlier age is the time period in which a specified strength should be achieved and may range between a few hours (or even minutes) to several days. Although it can be achieved using traditional concrete ingredients and concreting practices, the production of HESC will sometimes require s pecial materials or techniques. Depending on the age at which the specified strength must be achieved and on job conditions, one or a combination of the following can be used in the production of HESC: type III or He high-early strength cement, high cement content, low water-cementing materials ratio, higher curing temperature, higher freshly mixed concrete temperature, silica fume, chemical admixtures, special rapid hardening cements, insulation to retain heat of hydration, and/or steam and autoclave curing. High-early-strength concrete is used for prestressed concrete to allow for early stressing; precast concrete for rapid production of elements; high-speed cast-in-place construction; rapid form... High-Early-Strength Concrete (also known as fast-track concrete), achieves its specified strength at an earlier age compared to normal concrete. This earlier age is the time period in which a specified strength should be achieved and may range between a few hours (or even minutes) to several days. Although it can be achieved using traditional concrete ingredients and concreting practices, the production of HESC will sometimes require special materials or techniques. Depending on the age at which the specified strength must be achieved and on job conditions, one or a combination of the following can be used in the production of HESC: type III or He high-early strength cement, high cement content, low water-cementing materials ratio, higher curing temperature, higher freshly mixed concrete temperature, silica fume, chemical admixtures, special rapid hardening cements, insulation to retain heat of hydration, and/or steam and autoclave curing. High-early-strength concrete is used for prestressed concrete to allow for early stressing; precast concrete for rapid production of elements; high-speed cast-in-place construction; rapid form reuse; cold-weather construction; rapid repair of pavements to reduce traffic downtime; fast-track paving; and several other uses. In fast-track paving, use of HESC allows traffic to open within a few hours after concrete is placed.